Handbook of Ocular Disease Management

Episcleritis

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Episcleritis presents as a relatively asymptomatic acute onset redness in one or both eyes. Typically, you'll observe a sectoral injection of the episcleral and overlying conjunctival vessels, although the redness may be diffuse throughout these tissues. Occasionally, there may be a translucent white nodule centrally within the inflamed area (nodular episcleritis). While some patients complain of mild pain or tenderness to the affected region, particularly upon manipulation, often there is no associated discomfort. The cornea remains clear in this condition, although long-standing or recurrent episcleritis may lead to dellen formation. There is no associated anterior chamber reaction.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A benign inflammatory condition of the external eye, episcleritis is seen most commonly in young adults. Women appear to be affected slightly more often than men. The disorder is idiopathic in the majority of cases, however in certain instances there may be an association with some underlying systemic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, gout, herpes zoster virus or syphilis.

MANAGEMENT
Most cases of episcleritis are self-limiting, meaning that they will resolve spontaneously within two to three weeks even if the patient does not undergo treatment. However, patients who are experiencing discomfort may benefit from a regimen of topical anti-inflammatory agents and lubricants.

Typically, prednisolone acetate 1% or fluorometholone acetate applied Q3-4H will speed resolution and decrease the tenderness. The patient may use cold compresses and artificial tears liberally if discomfort persists. More severe cases, particularly nodular episcleritis, may require oral NSAIDs to quell the inflammation.

Re-examine patients weekly. For those on topical steroid therapy for more than two weeks, perform tonometry to monitor for elevation of IOP. Because of the association with systemic disorders, refer patients with extremely severe presentations or more than three recurrences for a medical evaluation.

CLINICAL PEARLS

Episcleritis is one of those conditions, like subconjunctival hemorrhage, that typically looks worse than it is. Reassure patients that they do not have "pink-eye." However, be sure to distinguish this condition from the more severe scleritis, which is far more painful and may have more serious implications.
In severe or diffuse cases in which the differential diagnosis is more difficult, blanching the conjunctiva and episclera with phenylephrine 2.5% will allow for better evaluation of the underlying sclera.
When searching for the cause of episcleritis, remember that inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease are the most commonly associated systemic disorders.

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